modern (theoretical) physics seems to be in deep crisis today as many of its core aspects are not empirically well-confirmed. Heated exchanges among physicists on the scientific status of physical theories with little or, at best, a tenuous connection to possible experimental tests is highly visible in the popular scientific literature. Some physicists (e.g., Carroll 2014, 2019; Ijjas et al., 2017) argue that science must discard empirical testability as one of its defining properties and the highly explanatory theories of present-day physics should be exempted from experimental testing, while others (e.g., Ellis & Silk 2014) spot in these arguments (for softening the testability or falsifiability requirement for modern physics) a dangerous tendency to undermine science. The philosopher of science who naturally draws most attention in these current debates is Karl Popper (1902-1994). His views, however, are often misrepresented in these debates. The prime objective of this paper is to explain how a more enlightened perspective on the ongoing debates can be obtained by a careful scrutiny of the Popperian criterion of falsifiability. As a first step in achieving this objective we will analyze the two major (conceptual) failures on which the current controversies rest. Our next step will be examining the controversial string theory to see whether the criteria of falsifiability is a ‘blunt instrument’ for determining its scientific status.

knowledge management is a process of using a source of strategic knowledge in organizations in order to find key information and organize and transfer it. Many organizations adopted knowledge management systems to maintain their stability and usefulness. Since there is occupational similarity between informatics experts and librarians, librarians can change to knowledge managers by being informed of the principles of knowledge management. In this article, the important role of librarians and informatics experts in knowledge management systems is explained.

Due to certain changes in the epistemological and philosophical bases of the scientific community, the concept of science underwent certain developments during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Some of these changes without changing the meaning of science have limited the scope of scientific knowledge, while other changes have led to transformation of the meaning of modem science.The present paper is an attempt to reread the historical developments in the concept of science and the sacred and religious meaning of science. Also attempts will be made to offer some mechanisms for reconstruction of religious knowledge and also to review the related challenges.

Although al-Ghazali is known as a critic of philosophers, his intellectual approach is full of rational and philosophical argumentations. That is why, some scholars have taken the view that al-Ghazali has had a big contribution to the rationalization of the Islamic culture and especially in transferring Avicenna's thoughts to his successors. He has also used Avicenna' s thought foundations in his religious and mystical theorizations. The present article is an attempt to analyze the relationship between the rational knowledge and the heart-knowledge based on al-Ghazali’s rational mysticism and the main pillars of the new approaches to his works in the last two decades. Based on these bases, it will be argued that the achievement of the highest level of knowledge, which is associated to the heart in al-Ghazali’s thought, is made possible after rational preliminaries. Even the heart knowledge itself is in principle equal to the perfection of the rational knowledge.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the production of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the capacity of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the production of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

Since Descartes and the presentation of Skeptical arguments, our knowledge of the external world is one of the concerns of Western epistemic philosophers. This concern was not an issue in traditional Islamic philosophy and in recent times and after the Muslim philosophers became acquainted with modern Western philosophy, some contemporary Islamic philosophers sought to prove the existence of the external world in response to “ skepticism regarding the physical world” . Their reflections regarding this topic resulted in two metaphysical strategies: they proved the external world wither through the principal of causality or through “ the necessity of conformity between sensory perceptions and physical objects” . This article shows that neither of these arguments can prove their claim; apart from this, even if their arguments were successful in proving the results, the strong and famous argument “ from ignorance” which is in favor of Skepticism, is resistant against these arguments.

The present article compares views of Avicenna and modern epistemology on the elements and sources of propositional knowledge. For this purpose, first views of Avicenna and modern epistemology are analyzed and then compared. The conclusion is that while the views of the two sides show similarities in certain respects, there are also differences between them.

Introduction: Drought is a natural hazard that limits access to water and threatens health. This study was conducted to present a combined model of indigenous and modern knowledge to combat the effects of drought on water health. Materials and Methods:  This study was a mixed-method design with four phases. In the first and second phases, the components of indigenous and modern knowledge were obtained through qualitative interviews using content analysis method and literature review using narrative method. In the third phase, components obtained from the two previous phases were sent to relevant field experts for validation using Delphi method. Two rounds of Delphi were conducted until reaching a consensus of views of the elites. The components that obtained a sufficient score were used to design the research model. Results: The final model consisted of three main components including household water management, community water management, and water health in drought conditions. Conclusion: Indigenous and modern knowledge are complementary and their integration creates synergy for the health of individuals, provided that they are studied in a principled way and integrated correctly. The present model was designed with a realistic view and considered the role of culture and indigenous knowledge in people's behavior and could be reasonably used by managers in the field of water health, passive defense, and various plannings.

The purpose of this article is to identify modernist factors in Michelangelo Antonioni’s trio. modern filmmakers tried to reflect the Zeitgeist in their work. They criticised their society by detaching, undermining or adding some components of classic and institutionalized forms in cinema to clear the cover of routine life. They consciously challenged the stabilized contemporary cinematic conventions to make the audience see the cliché conception from a new perspective, to recognize a phenomenon called the function of art.Their works extended the audience’s knowledge from herself and her world. In this article, using the contextual analysis, some formal devices are pointed out by which filmmakers used to reach their goals.Michelangelo Antonioni (1912-2007) -as a modernist filmmaker, like an archaeologist tried to explore and dig the materials of his times to show that there are something deep beneath those surfaces. He knew that he should find the proper language to depict the complications of life. So he felt the necessity to change the artificial mechanism of the dominant cinema. He revised the mainstream cinema to criticize his society, to show the sickness of things, to search for a sort of remedy. And when he can’t find any, he tries to pose the questions as best as he can. Reproduction is not what he aims for, but reconstruction is what he is looking for. That’s why he shows his dissatisfaction with the conventional forms of narration in his films.To avoid following the well-trodden paths, originality is important to defamiliarise. Revising the notions of space, time, and storytelling is vital to achieve this goal. So the relationship between characters and their environment becomes crucial in his films. Characters are in constant contact with everyday objects, buildings, and materials. Space is as important as human beings. That’s why he always tries to find Objective Correlative for his characters. His camera lingers on things, settings and characters to draw their true essence, to go beyond what they show. His unavoidable ambiguity and open ended stories are justified by the very nature of these relationships in those films. Ambiguity rises from the situations that the characters confront in their society and their life. By following his existential quest and commitment, the filmmaker tries to avoid the imposed ending to resolve the characters’ psychological conflicts. So he succeeds in depicting the emotional crisis and alienation of his characters in a modern world. Antonioni’s existential discourse becomes a running theme in his Trio. The filmmaker selects the proper form to criticize the monotonous pace and rotten values of life in modern societies so that the alert audience can gain knowledge and awareness. The findings may be useful in recognizing the similar devices in other modrn filmmakers’ouvre, and, therefore leading to a comprehensive picture of the mechanism in such films.